The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Q.1 Explain the concept of a nation state.
Ans: Most of the citizens of a nation state develop a common identity. They share history, culture & language. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.
Q.2 Explain the measures and practices creating sense of
collective identity among the people of France.
Ans: The ideas of the fatherland (la patrie), the citizen (la citoyen) and a new French flag emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, new hymns were composed, a centralized administrative system was set up, and internal customs duties were abolished.
Ans: The ideas of the fatherland (la patrie), the citizen (la citoyen) and a new French flag emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, new hymns were composed, a centralized administrative system was set up, and internal customs duties were abolished.
Q.3 Explain the consequences of the Vienna congress.
Ans: The consequences of the Vienna congress were as follows:
The bourbon dynasty was restored in France; a number of states were set up on the boundaries of France. Prussia was given important new territories. Austria got control of northern Italy. Russia was given part of Poland.
Ans: The consequences of the Vienna congress were as follows:
The bourbon dynasty was restored in France; a number of states were set up on the boundaries of France. Prussia was given important new territories. Austria got control of northern Italy. Russia was given part of Poland.
Q.4 Why the 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in
Europe?
Ans: The years of 1830s saw a great increase in population in Europe. One could only see unemployment migration, price rise, and stiff competition in the market and bad condition of peasants.
Ans: The years of 1830s saw a great increase in population in Europe. One could only see unemployment migration, price rise, and stiff competition in the market and bad condition of peasants.
Q.5 Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?
Ans: Ethnic variation spread a feeling of nationalism in the Balkan. Ottoman Empire disintegrated. They started claiming of independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
Ans: Ethnic variation spread a feeling of nationalism in the Balkan. Ottoman Empire disintegrated. They started claiming of independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
Q.6 Explain the Greek war of Independence.
Ans: Since the 15th century Greece had been a part of Ottoman Empire. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparkled off a struggle for independence. Poets and artists mobilized public opinion to support its struggle. At last the treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
Ans: Since the 15th century Greece had been a part of Ottoman Empire. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparkled off a struggle for independence. Poets and artists mobilized public opinion to support its struggle. At last the treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
Q.7 How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the
rest of Europe?
Ans: In Britain, in earlier times the ethnic groups consisted of the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. They had their own culture and political tradition. The English parliament had seized power from the monarchy in 1688. The act of union made Scotland come under England. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. The symbols of New Britain, the British flag, the national anthem and the English language were actively promoted.
Ans: In Britain, in earlier times the ethnic groups consisted of the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. They had their own culture and political tradition. The English parliament had seized power from the monarchy in 1688. The act of union made Scotland come under England. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. The symbols of New Britain, the British flag, the national anthem and the English language were actively promoted.
Long Answer Questions
Q.1 Describe the process by which Germany was unified?
Ans- By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany. There after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Ottovon Bismarck followed a policy of "blood and Iron" and within a period of seven years three wars were fought with Demark, Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed and the Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor.
Ans- By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany. There after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Ottovon Bismarck followed a policy of "blood and Iron" and within a period of seven years three wars were fought with Demark, Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed and the Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor.
Q.2 Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Ans- During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a society called “Young Italy”. After earlier failures King Victor Emmanuel II, he took to unify the Italian states through war. He got the whole hearted support of Minister Cavour and made a tactful alliance with France and defeated Austrian forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to South Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers. In 1861, before the completion of unification, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.
Ans- During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a society called “Young Italy”. After earlier failures King Victor Emmanuel II, he took to unify the Italian states through war. He got the whole hearted support of Minister Cavour and made a tactful alliance with France and defeated Austrian forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to South Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers. In 1861, before the completion of unification, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.
Q.3 Discuss the measures and practices introduced by the French
Revolution, which helped in creating a sense of collective identity among the
French people.
Ans: The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
a). The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
b). A French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
c). The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
d). New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of nation.
e). A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all the citizens within its territory.
f). Internal custom duties were abolished and uniform system of weights and measures were adopted.
g). Regional dialects were discouraged and French became common language of the nation.
Ans: The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
a). The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
b). A French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
c). The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
d). New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of nation.
e). A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all the citizens within its territory.
f). Internal custom duties were abolished and uniform system of weights and measures were adopted.
g). Regional dialects were discouraged and French became common language of the nation.
Q.4 Critically examine the achievements of Napoleon.
Ans: The achievements of Napoleon:
Achievements-
i). Napoleon introduced many reforms in the conquered territories.
ii). Though he is said to have destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he incorporated many revolutionary principles to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
iii). The Civil Code of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code- did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
iv). In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
v). In towns, the restrictions on the guilds were removed and transport and communication systems were improved.
vi). All these developments facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Failures-
i). The people in the conquered territories soon realised that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
ii). Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
Ans: The achievements of Napoleon:
Achievements-
i). Napoleon introduced many reforms in the conquered territories.
ii). Though he is said to have destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he incorporated many revolutionary principles to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
iii). The Civil Code of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code- did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
iv). In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
v). In towns, the restrictions on the guilds were removed and transport and communication systems were improved.
vi). All these developments facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Failures-
i). The people in the conquered territories soon realised that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
ii). Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
Q.5 State any three limitations of the Napoleonic Code.
Ans: Three limitations of the Napoleonic Code:
1. It provided limited suffrage. Men without property and women were excluded from the right to vote or get elected.
2. Women were reduced to the status of minor subject to authority of husband and father.
3. The administrative changes created a Confederation of 39 states with their own economic currency and system and were an obstacle to economic growth and exchange.
Ans: Three limitations of the Napoleonic Code:
1. It provided limited suffrage. Men without property and women were excluded from the right to vote or get elected.
2. Women were reduced to the status of minor subject to authority of husband and father.
3. The administrative changes created a Confederation of 39 states with their own economic currency and system and were an obstacle to economic growth and exchange.
Q.6 Differentiate between liberals and conservatives.
Ans: The differences liberals and conservatives:
1. The liberals promoted the democratic ideas of the French Revolution like liberty, equality and Freedom of Press etc. but conservatives censored such ideas through laws.
2. The liberals advocated Democratic Government by putting an end to autocracy, election of representatives. The Conservatives wanted to restore and strengthen traditional institution of Political Power i.e. Monarchy
3. The liberals promoted revolutions to oppose monarchical forms and wanted to fight and freedom while the conservatives preferred gradual development to quick change.
Ans: The differences liberals and conservatives:
1. The liberals promoted the democratic ideas of the French Revolution like liberty, equality and Freedom of Press etc. but conservatives censored such ideas through laws.
2. The liberals advocated Democratic Government by putting an end to autocracy, election of representatives. The Conservatives wanted to restore and strengthen traditional institution of Political Power i.e. Monarchy
3. The liberals promoted revolutions to oppose monarchical forms and wanted to fight and freedom while the conservatives preferred gradual development to quick change.
Q.7 Briefly trace the History of the Unification of Germany.
Ans: The Unification of Germany:
1. At the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848, the liberals failed to unify Germany under a constitutional monarchy.
2. In the second stage, the rulers themselves made to unify Germany into a militaristic empire under Prussia. Prussia led the movement through its chief ministers Otto von Bismarck who was supported by the army and the bureaucracy.
3. Bismarck followed the policy of war called “Policy of Blood and Iron”. He successfully fought three wars over a period of 7 years and defeated Austria, Denmark and France.
4. The process of unification was completed in Jan 1871 with the proclamation of the Prussian King Wilhelm as the German Emperor of the New German Empire. He was crowned in the French Palace of Versailles. It was a victory over conservatives.
Ans: The Unification of Germany:
1. At the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848, the liberals failed to unify Germany under a constitutional monarchy.
2. In the second stage, the rulers themselves made to unify Germany into a militaristic empire under Prussia. Prussia led the movement through its chief ministers Otto von Bismarck who was supported by the army and the bureaucracy.
3. Bismarck followed the policy of war called “Policy of Blood and Iron”. He successfully fought three wars over a period of 7 years and defeated Austria, Denmark and France.
4. The process of unification was completed in Jan 1871 with the proclamation of the Prussian King Wilhelm as the German Emperor of the New German Empire. He was crowned in the French Palace of Versailles. It was a victory over conservatives.
Q.8 Name the following -
(a). Austrian Chancellor who hosted the Vienna Congress.
(a). Austrian Chancellor who hosted the Vienna Congress.
Ans:
Duke Metternich
(b). Italian
Revolutionary who founded the secret society by the name of Young Italy.
Ans: Giuseppe Mazzini
Ans: Giuseppe Mazzini
(c). European governments
were driven by this spirit after 1815.
Ans: Conservatism
Ans: Conservatism
(d). The treaty, which
recognized the independence of Greece.
Ans: Constantinople
Ans: Constantinople
(e). A cultural movement,
which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
Ans: Romanticism
Ans: Romanticism
Q.9: Write a note on:
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek War of Independence
(d) Frankfurt Parliament
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek War of Independence
(d) Frankfurt Parliament
(e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Ans:(a)
Guiseppe Mazzini - He was a young revolutionary of Italy who
played a significant in promoting the idea of a unified Italian state. He
believed that God intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. At that
time Italy was divided into a number of small states and kingdoms. During the
1830s, Mazzini tried to overthrow different monarchies and led a revolution to
unify Italy. He also set up two secret revolutionary organizations, namely
Young Italy and Young Europe. But the revolution failed and Mazzini was sent
into exile. However, his ideas later inspired Cavour who ultimately unified in
the second half of the 19th century.
(b)
Count Camillo de
Cavour - Of the seven states
of Italy, only Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. When
the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy, the
responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell upon this Italian state. King
Victor Emmanuel II was its ruler and Cavour was the Chief Minister.
Cavour led the movement to unify the separate states of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He had a powerful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped him to defeat the Austrian forces in 1859. Thus, in 1861, Italy was unified and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of unified Italy.
Cavour led the movement to unify the separate states of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He had a powerful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped him to defeat the Austrian forces in 1859. Thus, in 1861, Italy was unified and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of unified Italy.
(c) The Greek War of Independence - This was a successful war of independence
waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against Ottoman Empire.
The Greek nationals got influenced by the idea of Liberal nationalism. In this
war the Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while the poets
and artists, who added romanticism to the Greek struggle of independence, also
participated in this war against Ottoman Empire. Finally, the Treaty of
Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
(d)
Frankfurt Parliament - The German middle class decided to vote for
an all - German National Assembly in 1848, and hence came to Frankfurt. Around
1831 persons were elected. They comprised the National Assembly. The assembly
decided to organize Frankfurt Parliament in the church of St. Paul. Thus, on
18th May, 1848 the famous Frankfurt Parliament was convened. The assembly
decided that the German nation would be a monarchy controlled by Parliament, and
offered this term to the Prussian King. But he rejected it and joined other
monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The parliament faced strong opposition
from aristocracy and military. The Parliament was dominated by the middle class
who resisted the demands of workers and artisans. As a result of this the
middle class lost their mass support. Ultimately, the monarchy and military
combined together with aristocracy, won over the liberal nationalist middle
class and the assembly was forced to disband.
Therefore, the Frankfurt Parliament is famous in history as a failure of liberalism and victory of monarchy.
Therefore, the Frankfurt Parliament is famous in history as a failure of liberalism and victory of monarchy.
(e)
The role of women in
nationalist struggles - Women played a very significant role in the nationalist
struggle all over the world. They led the movements, faced the tortures of police, stood by their male counterparts, spread the
idea of liberal nationalism and also participated in the various revolutionary
organizations. For example, we have studied how men and women participated
equally in the movements of the French Revolution. Liberty is personified as a
women and also liberal nationalism proposed the idea of universal suffrage,
leading to women’s active participation in nationalist movements in Europe. But
in spite of their active participation in nationalist struggles, they were given
little or no political rights, right to vote etc. till the end of 19th century.
Q.10: What steps did French revolutionaries take to create a
sense of collective identity among the French people?
Ans: The French revolutionaries took following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people:
(1) They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citogen (the citizen).
(2) These ideas emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(3) They choose a new French flag, to replace the former royal standard.
(4) The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens.
(5) They composed new hymns, took oaths and commemorated martyrs, all in the name of nation.
(6) They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens.
(7) They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures and abolished internal custom duties.
(8) They promoted French over the regional dialects.
(9) They further declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate people of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other people of Europe to become nations.
Ans: The French revolutionaries took following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people:
(1) They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citogen (the citizen).
(2) These ideas emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(3) They choose a new French flag, to replace the former royal standard.
(4) The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens.
(5) They composed new hymns, took oaths and commemorated martyrs, all in the name of nation.
(6) They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens.
(7) They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures and abolished internal custom duties.
(8) They promoted French over the regional dialects.
(9) They further declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate people of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other people of Europe to become nations.
Q.11: who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of
the way in which they were portrayed?
Ans: Marianne was the female allegory of French nation. Similarly, Germania was the female allegory of German nation.
They stood as personifications of ideals like ‘Liberty’ and ‘The Republic’. They were portrayed in such a way that it sought to give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form and would instill a sense of nationality in the citizens of these countries.
Ans: Marianne was the female allegory of French nation. Similarly, Germania was the female allegory of German nation.
They stood as personifications of ideals like ‘Liberty’ and ‘The Republic’. They were portrayed in such a way that it sought to give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form and would instill a sense of nationality in the citizens of these countries.
Q.12: Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Ans:1. The liberal minded middle class of German Confederacy met in the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848, with an objective of establishing Germany as a nation.
Ans:1. The liberal minded middle class of German Confederacy met in the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848, with an objective of establishing Germany as a nation.
2.
But they failed miserably. The parliament ended with monarchial,
military and aristocratic triumph.
3.
Later on, the Chief Minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismark led
the movement of unity of the German Confederacy.
4.
He organized the military wars and mobilized bureaucracy against
the countries which had occupied the German states.
5.
He fought three wars for over seven years with Austria, Denmark
and France, which he won.
6.
This completed the process of German unification.
7.
In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I was proclaimed
German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
Q.13: What changes did Napoleon introduced to make the
administrative system more efficient in territories ruled by him?
Ans:
Napoleon introduced following changes to make the administrative system more
efficient in the areas ruled by him:
1. He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the right to property.
2. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3. In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.
4. Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom.
1. He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the right to property.
2. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3. In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved.
4. Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom.
By
introducing these changes Napoleon made the whole administrative system more
rational and efficient.
