Class 10 - Political Science - CH1 - Power Sharing

Q1: People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their same
(a) Descent
(b) Nationality
(c) Religion
(d) Creed

Answer: (a) Descent

Q2: A very good example of sharing power among different social group is
(a) Panchayati Raj system in India
(b) Demand for separate Eelam by Tamils
(c) Community Government in Belgium
(d) Federal arrangement in India

Answer: (c) Community Government in Belgium


Q3: In Srilanka, the democratically elected government adopted a series of which measures to establish Sinhala supremacy?
(a) Community Government
(b) Federal Government
(c) Majoritarian Government
(d) Prudential Government 

Answer: (c) Majoritarian Government


Q4: Prudential Reasons states that:
(a) Power sharing is the spirit of democracy.
(b) Power sharing reduces the possibility of social conflicts
(c) Majority should always rule
(d) A check and balance system is necessary in a democracy.


Answer: (b) Power sharing reduces the possibility of social conflicts

Q5: Which of the following system of power sharing is called checks and balances?
 (a) Federal division of powers
(b) Separation of powers
(c) Vertical Division of powers
(d) Horizontal distribution of powers

Answer:   (d) Horizontal distribution of powers


Q6: Which of the following was the outcome of the civil war in Sri Lanka?
(a)  Set back to Sri Lanka's excellent record of economic development.
(b) Destruction of both majority and minority
(c) Demand for separate Tamil homeland
(d) All of these. 

Answer: (d) All of these. 
 


Q7: What were the Causes of ethnic struggles in Belgium:?

OR

What were the major causes of tension among the ethnic communities of Belgium? 
(long answer 5 marks)

Answer: Belgium is a small country in Europe. It shares its borders with Dutch, France and Germany. It has a population reaching 10 million and ethnic composition of the country is complex.

1.           Out Of Belgium’s total population, 59% live in Flemish region and speak Dutch language.

2.           Another 40% live in Wallonia region and speak French.

3.           Remaining 1% of Belgians speak German.

4.           In her capital city Brussels, 80% speak French while 20% are Dutch speaking.

5.           The minority French speaking community is relatively rich and powerful so the majority Dutch community showed resentment against it. This led to tension between the Dutch and French speaking communities in 1950s-1960s.

6.           The conflict between the Dutch speaking and French speaking was more severe in Brussels because here, the Dutch speaking people were majority in Belgium but were in minority in Brussels.

Therefore, the ethnic struggle originated from tensions between Dutch and French community in Belgium.

Q8: What was basic reason for the tension between the French speaking and Dutch speaking communities in Belgium. (Short Q & A: 1 or 2 marks)

Answer: The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This
was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later. This led to tension between the Dutch speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s-60s.

Q9:Why power sharing is important?

Answer:

1.           Avoids Conflicts: Power sharing is important because it avoids or minimizes the conflict between different social groups.

2.           Based on Democratic Principles: Social conflicts often lead to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. It is one of the founding principle of democracy. People have to be consulted on how they should be governed.

3.           Prudential reason: It emphasizes that power sharing brings better results.

4.           Value Based: Morally, the very act of power sharing is valuable.

Q10: List the major social groups in Sri Lanka
Answer:

1.           Sinhalas (74%)

2.           Tamils (18%)

3.           Christians (7%)

Q11:  How could the tensions between the linguistic communities in Belgium be contained?
(a) The minority group accepted the dominance of the majority groups
(b) By making constitutional amendments
(c) By an agreement between the majority and minority groups.
(d) By accepting a federal pattern of government.

Answer: (c) By an agreement between the majority and minority groups.

Q12: What is the official religion of Sri Lanka?

Answer: Buddhism

Q13: What was the Act of 1956 in Sri Lanka?

Answer:  In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.


Q14: Define the term ‘Majoritarianism’.

Answer: It is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule the country in whichever ways it want, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is calledMajoritarianism. 


Q15: What were the majoritarian measures adopted by the Sri Lankan Government?
Answer:

1.           In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil.

2.           The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

3.           A new constitution stipulated that the state should protect and foster Buddhism. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

Q16: Define the term 'Civil War'.

Answer: It is a violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes
so intense that it appears like a war.

Q17: How did the Belgian Government resolve the ethnic diversities and tension between them?
                                                                         OR 
What were the methods adopted by the Belgium leaders to resolve the ethnic conflict in Belgium?

Answer: The Belgium leaders recognized the existence of regional difference and cultural diversities. Between 1970-1993, their constitution was amended four times to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in harmony. Following steps were taken:

             I.Equal number of ministers from both the groups: It helped in way that no single community can take decisions unilaterally.

           II.More powers to state government: Under the new power sharing arrangement, many powers of central govt. were given to state governments of the two regions of the country.

         III.Equal representation at state and central level: A separate government was set up at Brussels giving equal representation to both communities.

        IV.Community Government Setup: Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

          V.It helped in mitigating the tension between the two major communities and averted a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

Q 18(CBSE 2011): Which two languages are generally spoken in Belgium? 
(a) French and English 
(b) Dutch and English 
(c) French and Dutch 
(d) Dutch and Sinhala

Answer: (c) French and Dutch

Q19(CBSE 2011): The Government; in which power is shared by two or more political parties, is known as: 
(a) Community Government 
(b) Unitary Government 
(c) Federal Government 
(d) Coalition Government

Answer: (d) Coalition Government

Q20: Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below? Power sharing:A. reduces conflict among different communities
B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness
C. delays decision making process
D. accommodates diversities
E. increases instability and divisiveness
F. promotes people’s participation in government
G. undermines the unity of a country

Answer: (a) A, B, D, F
Power Sharing:
A. reduces conflict among different communities
B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness
D. accommodates diversities
F. promotes people’s participation in government


Q21: Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka.

A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community.

B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala speaking majority.

C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.

D. The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

Which of the statements given above are correct?(a) A, B, C and D 
(b) A, B and D 
(c) C and D 
(d) B, C and D


Answer: (d)  B, C, and D


Q22: Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below:

A. Power sharing is good for democracy.
B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Which of these statements are true and false?(a) A is true but B is false
(b) Both A and B are true
(c) Both A and B are false
(d) A is false but B is true

Answer: (b) Both A and B are true


Q23: What were the demands of Sri Lankan Tamils?
Answer:

1.           Sri Lanka Tamils demanded for the recognition of Tamil as an official language.

2.           Regional autonomy

3.           Equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

4.           Later they demanded an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka

Q24(CBSE): Which of the following minority communities is relatively rich and powerful in Belgium?(a) French
(b) Dutch
(c) German
(d) English

Answer: (a) French

Q25(CBSE): What is the %age of Sinhala speaking in Srilanka? Choose the correct option from the following:
(a) 58 
(b) 74
(c) 65 
(d) 82

Answer: (b) 74%

Q26: List the major forms of power sharing (1-2 marks question)
Answer:

1.           Horizontal power sharing like legislative, executive and Judiciary.

2.           Vertical Distribution like Union government, State and Local Government

3.           Among Different Social Groups (Community Government).

4.           Political parties, pressure groups and movements

Std:10 Political Science

Power Sharing

Introduction:

Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. All communities, social groups get their say in the governance. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens acquire a stake in the system; through participation.

Power Sharing in India:

India is a democratic country. People of India elect their representative through direct franchise. After that, people’s representatives elect the government to make or amend rules & regulations and to carry out day to day functioning of governance.

One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies. Therefore, it follows that in a democracy political forms of power sharing should be distributed among as many citizens as possible.

What is the need of Power Sharing?

1.     Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace.

2.     Power sharing helps in avoiding the tyranny of majority. The tyranny of majority not only destroys the minority social groups but also the majority social group.

3.     People’s voice forms the basis of a democratic government. Hence, power sharing is essential to respect the spirit of democracy.

4.     Avoiding conflict in society and preventing majority tyranny are considered as prudential reasons for power sharing. Maintaining the spirit of democracy is considered as the moral reason for power sharing.

What are the various forms of Power Sharing?

Power Sharing in Different Organs of Government:

1.     Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This type of distribution can be called the horizontal distribution of power. This type of power sharing allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

2.     Such a separation ensures that unlimited power is not vested in any organ of the government. This ensures a balance of power among various institutions. The executive enjoys official power but is answerable to the legislature. The legislature has the right to make or amend laws but it is answerable to the people. The judiciary is independent and ensures that the law of the land is obeyed by legislature and executive.

Power Sharing at Different Levels:

1.     Power can be shared among governments at different levels.

2.     Usually a central government is responsible for the entire nation and state governments are responsible for different units of the federation.

3.     There is clear cut demarcation on subjects which come under the union government and those which come under the state government.

4.     However, there are some subjects which come under the concurrent list, i.e. both state and central governments exercise power on such subjects.

Power Sharing Among Social Groups:

1.     Power may also be shared among different social groups.

2.     In a diverse country; like India; there are various social, linguistic and caste groups and power is shared among each group.

3.      For example; people from the minority communities, OBCs, and SC & ST are given reservation so that there could be adequate representation for them in the government machinery.

Power Sharing Among Various Pressure Groups:

1.     Power sharing among various political parties is more apparent for most of the people. Usually the largest political party or the largest political coalition becomes the ruling party. The other parties form the opposition. While opposition is not in power, it is responsible for seeing to it that the ruling party functions as per the wishes of the people. Heads of various committees comes from various political parties; which is another way of sharing power among different political parties.

2.     Pressure groups also get their share in power. For example; the trade unions, ASSOCHAM, students’ union, etc. get some power by certain mechanisms. Representatives of these associations become part of many decision making bodies and thus enjoy their share of power.

What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.

Answer: Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are as follows:

1.     Power sharing in different organs of government: Example: power sharing between legislature and executive

2.     Power sharing at different levels of government: Example: power sharing between Union government and state government.

3.     Power sharing among social groups: Example: Reservation in government jobs for OBCs and SCs & STs.

4.     Power sharing among various pressure groups: Example: Representative of trade union being consulted while making a new labour law.

State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

 Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace.

Moral Reason: The avoiding conflict in society and preventing majority tyranny are considered as prudential reasons for power sharing. Maintaining the spirit of democracy is considered as the moral reason for power sharing.

Dear Students,

Some of you, especially Divya and Aditya, are planning to pursue Law. You will face some questions based on Legal Awareness in your general Knowledge or Legal Aptitude section in CLAT Exam. I am giving here some Legal awareness questions for CLAT which will give you an idea about the pattern of exam.

Happy studies!!!!!!

Q1. Who among following is present Attorney General for India?

a. Fali S. Nariman

b. Goolam Essaji Vahanvati

c. Kapil Sibal

d. Mukul Rohatgi

Q2. Who among the following is the Chief Election Commissioner of India?

a. Mr. S.Y. Quraishi

b. Mr. T.N. Shehan

c. H.S. Brahma

d.  Mr. Deepak Bhardwaj

Q3. Who was the judge in special Designated Court for trial of Mumbai multi terror strike case who awarded death sentence to Abdul Azmal Kasab?

a. M.L. Tahilyani

b. Uijal Nikam

c. H.M. Gaikwad

d. Sivraj Khode

Q4. Once promoted the Chief Justice of India (H.L. Dattu), serves till he attains the age of ____

a. 62

b. 63

c. 64

d. 65

Q5. To betray a nation is an offence and punishable with death, that is ____

a. sedition

b. Treachery

c. Treason

d. Anti- nationality

Q6. The term "res subjudice" means ___

a. A case has been decided by a court

b. A case is pending before the court

c. A case has been dismissed by a court

d. None of the above

Q7. Who is the source of Legal authority of India?

a. People of india

b. Constitution of India

c. Parliament of India

d. President of India

Q8. The Prevention Detention Act has a restraining effect on ___

a. Right to Life

b. Right to Freedom

c. Right against exploitation

d. None of the above

Q9. Who was the first lady to became the judge of the Supreme Court?

a. Leila Seth

b. Fatima Beevi

c. Sujata Manohar

d. Ruma Pal

Q10. January 26 is celebrated as Republic Day and the same day is also observed as ___

a. Law Day

b. Customs Day

c. Women Day

d. Children Day

Answers:

1. d 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. b

Dear Students,

 Here are some GK Questions based on Indian History. These questions will help you,so try to solve them.

1. To which dynasty did Ashoka belong?a. Vardhana
b. Maurya
c. Kushan
d. Gupta
2. The temple of Khajuraho were built bya. Chandelas
b. Pallavas
c. Chalukayas
d. Qutubuddin
3. Who founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873?a. Shivanath Shastri
b. Gopal Krishan Gokhale
c. Jyotiba Phule
d. None of these
4. Who did not participate in the Revolt of 1857?a. Tantiya Tope
b. Bhagat Singh
c. Nana sahib
d. Rani Lakshmibai
5. Where did Mahatma Gandhi first try the weapon of ‘Satyagraha’?a. Champaran
b. Ahemdabad mill strike
c. Dandi
d. South Africa
6. Which of the following movements was launched along with khilafat movement?a. Non-cooperation
b. Civil Disobedience Movement
c. Home Rule Movement
d. Swadeshi Movement
7. The first battle of Panipat took place ina. 1526
b. 1528
c. 1626
d. 1528
8. Who wrote ‘Tughluqnama’?a. Raskhan
b. Amir Khusrau
c. Isami
d. Malik Mohammad Jaisi
9. Nalanda University flourished during the reign of which of the following rulers?a. Chandragupta Maurya
b. Ashoka
c. Kanishka
d. Harsha
10. Who were the first to issue gold coins?a. Indo Greeks
b. Shakas
c. Parthians
d. Kushans

                             Happy Learning !!!!!!!!