HISTORY 10 - CHAPTER 6 - WORK,LIFE AND LEISURE


Q1: Give  reasons why the population of London
expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century.
Ans: 1.   The city of London was a magnet for the migrant populations due to the job opportunities provided by its dockyards and industries.
2.   By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.
 3.   So, the population of London kept expanding through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 
4.   During the first world war, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods. 
5.This increased the number of large factories, which in turn increased the number of people coming to the city in search of work.

Q 2: What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century? Explain the factors which led to this change.

1. Factories employed large numbers of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

2. With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households
3. Changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century were primarily based on industrial and
technological advancements.

4. Consequently, women had to work in households for a living, and this led to an increase in the number of domestic servants. 

5. Some women also began to earn by lodging out rooms.
6 . Women also took up the professions like tailoring, washing or making matchboxes.

7. With the coming of the First World War though, women once
again joined the industrial sector.

Std: X

2014- 15

Practice worksheet 2

Name:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­____________________________                  Roll No. : ________

Answer the following questions.

1.      What is the reason for tensiion in Belgium?

Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.      Explain the power sharing arragements among governments at different levels.

Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.      What do you know about the power sharing arrangements in Belgium?

Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.      Describe the diverse population in Sri Lnaka?

Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Describe the majoritarian measures adopted by the Sri Lankan government?

Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Std: X

2014- 15

Practice worksheet 1

Name:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_____________________________                  Roll No. : ________

Answer the following questions.

Q1.Who formed majority in terms of population in Sri Lanka?

Ans: _________________________________________________________________

Q2. Who formed majority in terms of population in Belgium?

Ans: _________________________________________________________________

Q3.When was Sinhalese declared as the official language?

Ans: _________________________________________________________________

Q4. What is community government refers to?                 Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

      Q 5. Which is the official language in Srilanka?

    Ans: __________________________________________________________________

      Q 6. What is federal division of power?

Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

      Q 7. Whaich is the Dutch Majority region in Belgium?

Ans: _________________________________________________________________

      Q 8. Which is the French majority region in Belgium?

Ans: _________________________________________________________________

      Q9. In the capital city, Brussels,.......................% people spoke French ...... %spoke Dutch.

      Q 10. What is civil war?

Ans: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

         Class 10 - History – CH 6 – Work, life and leisure

               Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1: - What steps were taken to clean up London?

1.     Ans.:- 1. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces reduce     pollution and landscape the city.

2.     Large blocks of apartments were built.

3.     Demands were made for ‘New Lungs’ for the city and the idea of green belt around London was offered.

Q.2: - Give three reasons why the population of London expended from the middle of the 18th century?

1.     Ans.:- 1. Industrialization was the most important factor which attracted people to London.

2.     The textile industry of London attracted a large number of migrants.

3.     The city of London attracted people from all walks of life like clerks, shopkeepers, soldiers, servants, laborers, beggars etc.

Q.3: - How did people entertain themselves in the ‘chawls’?

1.     Ans.:-1. Magicians, Monkey players or acrobats used to perform their acts on the streets.

2.     The Nandi bull used to predict the future.

3.     Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.

Q.4: - Explain the social change in London which led to the need for underground?

1.     Ans.:- 1. British made a million houses, single family cottages.

2.     Now people could not walk to work and this led to the development of underground railways.

3.     By 1880, the expended train services were carrying 40 million passengers in a year.

Q.5: - What was the status of the women folk in the conservative industrial towns?

1.     Ans.:- Women of upper and middle classes faced higher level of isolation,     although their lives were made easier by domestic maids.

2.     Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives particularly among the lower social classes.

3.     As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public plans, women were forced to withdraw into their homes.

     Transport in London

1. ®     To persuade people to live in garden suburbs of London a transport network needed. 
2.          The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.
3. ®     The very first section of the Underground in the world opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London.
4. ®      By 1880 the expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a year.

          Problems:

            (1) Charles Dickens wrote in Dombey and Son (1848) about the massive destruction in the process of construction. To make approximately two miles of railway, 900 houses had to be destroyed.

            (2) asphyxiation (Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply) and heat.

          Bloody Sunday of November 1887

1.             London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible      conditions of poverty, it was brutally suppressed by the police.
2.            From this example it is clear that large masses of people could be drawn into political causes in the city.
3.           A large city population was thus both a threat and an opportunity.                                                

        The City in Colonial India

®        The pace of urbanisation in India was slow under colonial rule.

®        In the early twentieth century, no more than 11 per cent of Indians were living in cities.

®        Most urban dwellers were living in Presidency cities – The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies in British India

            Bombay: The Prime City of India

1. ®        In the seventeenth century, Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control.
2. ®        In 1661, control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess. East India Company shifted its trading base from Surat to Bombay.
3. ®        Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war.
4. ®        The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854.Large number of people migrated in Bombay to do work in mills. 

         Problem of housing

®        While every Londoner in the 1840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards, Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards.

        With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city, the crisis of housing and water supply became acute by the mid-1850s.

®        More than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.

®        Chawls were multi-storeyed structures which were divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets
.
®        People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing in chawls.

®        Town planning in Bombay came about as a result of fears about the plague epidemic.
®        The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898; it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.

®        In 1918, a Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable.
 

         Land Reclaimation

®        The Bombay governor William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall which prevented the flooding of the low-lying areas of Bombay in 1784.

®        In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.

®        Marine Drive a familiar landmark of Bombay, it was built on land reclaimed from the sea in the twentieth century.

        Bombay as the City of Dreams: The World of Cinema

®        Bombay appears to many as a ‘mayapuri’ – a city of dreams.

®        Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens and it became India’s first movie in 1896.

®        Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra (1913).

®        By 1987, the film industry employed 520,000 people.

         Note:

®        The factory acts 1902, introduced in London that children were kept out of industrial work.

®        In 19th century Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males) and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilized large numbers of men in England.

®        Singapore city became an independent nation in 1965 under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, President of the People’s Action Party. Today, most of us know Singapore as a successful, rich, and well planned city.

        

Blo

Class 10 - History – CH 6 – Work, life and leisure

In 1880, Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel, Debganer Martye  Aagaman  (The Gods Visit Earth). Brahma along with rain god Varuna visit  the capital of British India- Calcutta.

1. There were opportunities for trade & commerce.
2. Caste, religious and gender identities were changing. 
3. Trains and ships
4. Factories and bridges
5. Monuments
6. Shops with  wide range of commodities
7. Centre of education and jobs.
8. Cheats and thieves
9. Grinding poverty
10. Poor housing
11. Pollution and sanitation hazards.

1. Historical processes which shaped the modern cities
2.  The rise of industrial capitalism (Industrial capitalism refers to an economic and social system in which trade, industry and capital are privately controlled and operated for a profit.)
3. The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world
4.   Urbanization: (An increase in a population in cities and towns versus rural areas. Urbanization began during the industrial revolution, when workers moved towards manufacturing hubs in cities to obtain jobs in factories as agricultural jobs became less common.)
5.  The development of democratic ideals.

          

Ancient cities

* Ur, Nippur (Mesopotamia i.e modern Iraq) – along river Tigris and EuphratesMohenjodaro, Harappa (Indus Valley Civilization) – along river Indus

*Towns and cities first appeared along river valleys. Why????

* Ancient cities could develop:

Reason
1.An increase in food supplies made it possible to support a wide range of non-food producers of cities.

Earliest industrial cities of Britain :                                       Leeds and Manchester – textile centres

Modern city of London London was the largest city in the world, and an imperial centre in the nineteenth century situated at the banks of river Thames.

1. 750 – population of London - 675,000
2. 1880 ­- population of London – 4 million

Reasons for development of these cities:

1. Employment on dockyard, 
2. clothing and footwear, 
3. wood and furniture, 
4. metals and engineering, 
5. printing and stationery, 
6. and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches.

Problem of crime in London

1. As London grew, crime flourished. Around 20,000 criminals were living in London in the 1870s.
2. Henry Mayhew compiled long lists of those who made a living from crime.
3. The police were worried about law and order, philanthropists (Someone who works for social upliftment and charity) were anxious about public morality.
4. Andrew Mearns, a clergyman who wrote The Bitter Cry of Outcast London in the 1880s, showed why crime was more profitable than labouring in small underpaid factories.

Steps taken:)

1. authorities imposed high penalties for crime.
2. offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor’.
3. To take out children from criminal activities Compulsory Elementary Education Act was introduced in 1870.

Problem of Housing

1. After Industrial Revolution in England, London became a magnet for rural people who search for job. Landowners constructed Tenements for new arrival.
2. Tenement – Run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city
3. In 1887,Charles Booth, a Liverpool ship-owner, conducted the first social survey of low skilled London workers in the East End of London.

Report:

*1 million Londoners were very poor and were expected to live only up to an average age of 29 .Life expectancy among the gentry and the middle class was 55.

*London, he concluded ‘needed the rebuilding of at least 400,000 rooms to house its poorest citizens’.



Need of Housing : The better-off city dwellers continued to demand that slums simply be cleared away.
Reasons:
(1) First the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health: they were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation. There was a fear of epidemic.
(2) Second, there were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing.
(3) Third, there was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. The poor can rebel.

Steps to clear London:

(1) Green the open space

(2) Attempts made to reduce pollution

(3) Large blocks of apartments were built

(4) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War
Garden city

* Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the Garden City, a pleasant space full of plants and trees

* Following Howard’s ideas Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city ofNew Earswick.
Transport in London

1. To persuade people to live in garden suburbs of London a transport network needed. The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.
2. The very first section of the Underground in the world opened on 10 January 1863 betweenPaddington and Farrington Street in London.
3. By 1880 the expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a year.

Class 10 - Political Science - CH1 - Power Sharing

Q1: People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their same

Answer: (a) Descent

Q2: A very good example of sharing power among different social group is

(a) Panchayati Raj system in India

(b) Demand for separate Eelam by Tamils

(c) Community Government in Belgium

(d) Federal arrangement in India

Answer: (c) Community Government in Belgium

Q3: In Srilanka, the democratically elected government adopted a series of which measures 

to establish Sinhala supremacy?

(a) Community Government

(b) Federal Government

(c) Majoritarian Government

(d) Prudential Government 

Answer: (c) Majoritarian Government

Q4: Prudential Reasons states that:

(a) Power sharing is the spirit of democracy.

(b) Power sharing reduces the possibility of social conflicts

(c) Majority should always rule

(d) A check and balance system is necessary in a democracy.

Answer: (b) Power sharing reduces the possibility of social conflicts

Q5: Which of the following system of power sharing is called checks and balances?

 (a) Federal division of powers

(b) Separation of powers

(c) Vertical Division of powers

(d) Horizontal distribution of powers

Answer: (d) Horizontal distribution of powers

Q6: Which of the following was the outcome of the civil war in Sri Lanka?

(a) Set back to Sri Lanka's excellent record of economic development.

(b) Destruction of both majority and minority

(c) Demand for separate Tamil homeland

Answer: (d) All of these. 

Q7: What were the Causes of ethnic struggles in Belgium:?
or
What were the major causes of tension among the ethnic communities of Belgium? 

Answer: Belgium is a small country in Europe. It shares its borders with Dutch, France and 

Germany. It has a population reaching 10 million and ethnic composition of the country is complex.

1. Out Of Belgium’s total population, 59% live in Flemish region and speak Dutch language.

2. Another 40% live in Wallonia region and speak French. 

3. Remaining 1% of Belgians speak German.

4. In her capital city Brussels, 80% speak French while 20% are Dutch speaking.

5. The minority French speaking community is relatively rich and powerful so the majority 

Dutch community showed resentment against it. This led to tension between the Dutch and French speaking communities in 1950s-1960s.

6. The conflict between the Dutch speaking and French speaking was more severe in Brussels because here, the Dutch speaking people were majority in Belgium but were in minority in Brussels.

Therefore, the ethnic struggle originated from tensions between Dutch and French community in 

Q8: What was basic reason for the tension between the French speaking and Dutch speaking communities in Belgium. (Short Q & A: 1 or 2 marks)

Answer: The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and 
education much later. This led to tension between the Dutch speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s-60s.

Q9: Why power sharing is important?

Prudential reason:

1. Avoids Conflicts: Power sharing is important because it avoids or minimizes the conflict between different social groups.

2. It is a good way to ensure stability of political order.

3. Majoritarianism undermines the unity of a nation.

4. Tyranny of majority eventually ruins the majority group as well.

5. It emphasizes that power sharing brings better results.

Value Based/ Moral Reasons: 

1. Morally, the very act of power sharing is valuable for democracy.

2. It is the very essence of ‘Democracy’.

3. People have the right to have a share in government’s policy making.

4. It leads to a legitimate government as every citizen is anticipating in decision making.

Q10: List the major social groups in Sri Lanka

1. Sinhalas (74%)

2. Tamils (18%)

3. Christians (7%)

Q11: How could the tensions between the linguistic communities in Belgium be contained?

(a) The minority group accepted the dominance of the majority groups.
(b) By making constitutional amendments.

(c) By an agreement between the majority and minority groups.

(d) By accepting a federal pattern of government.

Answer: (c) By an agreement between the majority and minority groups.

Q12: What is the official religion of Sri Lanka?

Ans : Buddhism

Q14: Define the term ‘Majoritarianism’.

Answer: It is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule the country in whichever ways it want, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is called Majoritarianism. 

Q15: What were the majoritarian measures adopted by the Sri Lankan Government?

1. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil.

2. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

3. A new constitution stipulated that the state should protect and foster Buddhism. 

4. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

Q16: Define the term 'Civil War'.

Answer: It is a violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war.

Q17: How did the Belgian Government resolve the ethnic diversities and tension between the two ethnic groups?

 OR 

What were the methods adopted by the Belgium leaders to resolve the ethnic conflict in Belgium?

Answer: The Belgium leaders recognized the existence of regional difference and cultural diversities. Between 1970-1993, their constitution was amended four times to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in harmony. Following steps were taken:

I. Equal number of ministers from both the groups: It helped in way that no single community can take decisions unilaterally.

II. More powers to state government: Under the new power sharing arrangement, many powers of central govt. were given to state governments of the two regions of the country.

III. Equal representation at state and central level: A separate government was set up at Brussels giving equal representation to both communities.

IV. Community Government Setup: Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

V. It helped in mitigating the tension between the two major communities and averted a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

Q 18(CBSE 2011): Which two languages are generally spoken in Belgium? 

Answer: (c) French and Dutch

Q19(CBSE 2011): The Government; in which power is shared by two or more political parties, is known as: 

(a) Community Government 

(b) Unitary Government 

(c) Federal Government 

(d) Coalition Government

Answer: (d) Coalition Government

Q20: What were the demands of Sri Lankan Tamils?

1. Sri Lanka Tamils demanded for the recognition of Tamil as an official language.

2. Regional autonomy

3. Equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

4. Later they demanded an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Srilanka.

Q21(CBSE): Which of the following minority communities is relatively rich and powerful in Belgium?

Answer: (a) French

Q22(CBSE): What is the %age of Sinhala speaking in Srilanka? 
Answer: (b) 74%

Q. 23. Explain the moral reason for power sharing.

Ans. Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democracy rule involves sharing of power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. The basic principles of power, sharing include-

1. Government of different political parties, i.e., a coalition government.
2. Protection of minority rights.
3. Decentralization of power.

Q. 24. What is power sharing?

1. Power sharing is a strategy under which all the major segments of the society are provided with a permanent share of power in the governance of the country.

2. It is a potential tool for solving disputes in the society divided by deep ethnic, cultural or racial differences by giving the parties involved the wide range of power sharing to reduce the tensions through consensus-oriented governance.

3. It involves a wide array of political arrangements – usually embodied in constitutional terms – in which the principal elements of society are guaranteed a place and influence, in governance.

4. It relies on joint exercise of power where all principal groups are given a permanent share in the governance.

Q.25. Mention the steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to achieve majoritarianism.

1. In 1956, an Act was passed under which English was replaced as the country’s official language not by Sinhala and Tamil but by Sinhala only.

2. The governments followed preferential policies that favored Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

3. A new constitution was stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

Q. 26. Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical power sharing.

Ans. Horizontal Power sharing

1. Under the horizontal power sharing power is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.

2. Under horizontal distribution of power, organs of the government are placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

3. Under horizontal each organ checks the other.

Vertical Power sharing

1. Under the vertical sharing power, power is shared among the different levels of governments.

2. The vertical division of power involves the highest and the lower levels of government.

3. Under vertical power sharing the lower organs work under the higher org.

Q27. Explain the power sharing arrangements among the political parties and pressure groups.

1. In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements.

2. Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

3. In the long run, power is shared among the different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is 
elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

4. In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.