POLITICAL SCIENCE

Std: IX

DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

Q1.List out valid points on the Right to Constitutional Remedies

1. “Right to Constitutional Remedies” is referred to as the “heart and soul of our constitution” by Dr. Ambedkar. It is because :

(a) This right is the guardian of other rights and makes other rights effective.

(b) When any of our rights is violated or encroached by any officials of the government we can seek redressal through courts.

(c) People can directly approach the High Courts or Supreme Court.

Q2. Explain three provisions of the Fundamental Rights against exploitation.

2 (a) Children under the age of 14 are not to be employed in hazardous occupations.

 (b) Begar was practiced where the workers were forced to work without wages. Our constitution has declared this act as an illegal Act.

(c ) Traffic here signifies buying and selling of human beings, especially women which is very immoral Act.

Q3. Right to freedom is a cluster of freedoms, Justify.

3. “The Right to freedom” is considered as the “Cluster of six freedoms” and also known as the “freedom of freedoms”.

The different freedoms granted are as follows:

(a) Freedom of speech and expression

(b) Freedom to assemble in a peaceful manner

(c) Form associations and unions

(d) Freedom to move freely throughout the country.

(e) Reside in any part of the country.

(f) Freedom to practice any profession, or the carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Q4. Mention the new rights given to the citizens under the Sough African Constitution.

4. After introducing democratic principles, the Constitution of South Africa provided its citizens several kinds of new rights like:

a) Civil Liberties – The citizens of South African have liberty to express and form public opinion in their own way.

b) Right to Privacy - This is very unique right under which citizens enjoy certain privileges like –

(1) Their houses cannot be searched;

 (2) Phones cannot be tapped and communication cannot be scrutinized.

c) Right to adequate livelihood - Under this right people have privileges on access to health care, pure water, pollution free environment, food security and means to minimum livelihood.

Q5. What are the powers given to the Human Rights Commission to carry out its enquires?

 5. The Human Rights Commission has enormous power to carry out its enquiry like

a) Can summon human witnesses - It can summon any witness and examine any officials.

b) Can demand to inspect any official paper – The Human Rights can impact any official paper for further inquiry or can ask for the details of papers.

c) Can visit prisoners for enquiry - Any time, any way the Human Rights can visit prison for inquiry and supervision.

Every citizen has the right to even write a letter to seek Human Right’s support in case of the violation of Human Rights.

Q6. What restrictions have been placed upon an individual’s Right to freedom?

 6. (a) People should not lead to public disorder.

(b) People should not carry weapons with them.

(c ) Freedoms of speech and expression cannot be used to defame others.

Q7. How have prisoners been treated in Guantanamo Bay?

7. The treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay was very humiliating and had no moral claim.

        i.            The US law was completely violated.

      ii.            There was no trial before any magistrate.

    iii.            Families of prisoners were not allowed to meet them.

   iv.            Prisoners could not approach courts in their own country.

     v.            Prisoners were denied the conclusive treatment as per the international treaties.

Q8. What were the main causes of conflict in Kosovo?

8. Causes of Conflict in Kosovo – Kosovo, the province of Yugoslavia was the region of ethnic complexity. Thus, it became a centre of conflict due to the various reasons like:

        i.            Majoritarian concept – The particular community of Kosovo wanted to dominate the country They thought that the Albanian, the ethnic minority group should leave the country or accept the dominance of Serbs.

      ii.            Thus, conflict over issue of domination between Serbs and Albanians started.

    iii.            A brutal massacre took place in which thousands of Albanians were killed.

Q9. Explain the right to equality enjoyed by the citizens of India. What is its importance?

9. Under the Right to equality, the human Constitution has sought to lessen or remove the social discrimination and economic disparities. Its essential features are as follows:

        i.            Equality before Law: Under this every person is guaranteed equality before law and equal protection under law within the Indian territory.

      ii.            Prohibition of Discrimination: Under this, state cannot discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of religion, caste, race, place of birth, etc.

    iii.            Abolition of Titles: Under the Right to equality the Indian state is prohibited from conferring on Indian citizens any titles other than related to academics, sports and military distinction.

   iv.            Importance: Right to equality is very significant to Indian polity as every citizen even from the Prime

     v.            Minister to small farmer is liable to be treated equally before law.

Q10. List out any four characteristics of Fundamental Rights

10. Fundamental rights are:

        i.            Detailed and Comprehensive

      ii.            Fundamental Rights are justiciable.

    iii.            Fundamental Rights are limited.

   iv.            Fundamental Rights are universal.

Q11. Under what pretext did the US forces pick up about 600 people from all over the world?

11. Ans. About 600 people were secretly picked up the US forces from all over the world and put in the prison in Guantanamo Bay, an area near Cuba controlled by American Navy. The American government said that they were the enemies of the US and linked to the attack on New York on 11 September, 2001.

12. What information did Amnesty International collect about the prisoners in Guantanamo?

        i.            Ans. The Amnesty International, an International Human Rights Organisation, collected information on the condition of the prisoners in Gauntanamo Bay,

      ii.            And reported that the prisoners were being tortured in ways that violated the U.S. laws.

    iii.            They were being denied the treatment that even the prisoners of war must get as per international treaties.

   iv.            Many prisoners had tried protesting against these conditions by going on a hunger fast.

     v.             Prisoners were not released even after they were officially declared not guilty.

Q13. What is the position of the citizens in Saudi Arabia with respect to their government?

        i.             Saudi Arabia is ruled by a hereditary king and the people have no role in electing or changing their rulers.

      ii.             The King selects the legislature as well as the executive. He appoints the judges and can change any of their decisions.

    iii.             Citizens cannot form political parties. Media cannot report anything that the monarch does not like.

   iv.             Every citizen is required to be muslim. Non-muslim residents can follow their religion in private but not in public.

2014-15

Social Science Worksheet Answers

(Nationalism in India)

Std: X

1. How many miles of distance were covered in Gandhiji's Salt March? 

240 miles.

2.Where was the Non-Co-operation Movement called off?

Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur in 1922.

3. Why was a nationwide satyagraha started against the Rowlatt Act of 1919 ?

         i.            Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).

       ii.             This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members.

    iii.             It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

4.By whom was the first image of Bharat Mata painted ?

The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

5.Who was the leader of the peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra ?

Alluri Sitaram Raju  was the leader of the peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra.

6. At which place did the Salt March organized by Mahatama Gandhi terminate?  

On 6 April 1930 Gandhi reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

7. Which party was formed within the congress to argue for return to council politics?

C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.

8.Which Congress session adopted the declaration of Purna Swaraj ? return to council politics?

In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

9. Which pact reserved seats for “dalits” in the provincial and central legislative assemblies ?

Dr. B.R.Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

10. Identify the main reason for boycott of the Simon Commission by the Indians ?

The problem was that the Simon Commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.

11. Why was Alluri Sitaram Raju well known ?

Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers:

         i.            He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people,

       ii.            He could survive even bullet shots.

    iii.            Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God.

12. Which economic factors shaped Indian Politics towards the late 1920’s?

In such a situation of internal debate and dissension two factors again shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s.

       i.            The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression.

     ii.             Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.

  iii.             As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue.

   iv.            By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.

13. During which movement was the Indian tri-colour first designed ?

During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.

14. What did Mahatma Gandhi declare in his book „Hind Swaraj‟ ?

In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.

15. Which Congress session adopted the declaration of Purna Swaraj ?

 In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India

16. Which section of the Indian population did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

       i.            Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj.

     ii.            One such group was the nation’s ‘untouchables’, who  had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed.

  iii.            The Muslim political organisations in India were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.

17. What did the idea of Satyagraha emphasise ?

         i.            The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

       ii.            It suggested that if the cause was true.

    iii.            If the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

18. What did the Swaraj flag designed by Gandhiji in 1921 contain ?

       i.            By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag.

     ii.            It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) .

  iii.            It had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

   iv.            Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

19. Describe the tricolor flag designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal ?

       i.            During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.

     ii.             It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India,

  iii.            A crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

20. Name the collection Tamil folk tales published by Natesa Sastri.

         i.            In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales.

       ii.            The Folklore of Southern India.

    iii.            He believed that folklore was national literature;

     iv.            It was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.

 21.Which famous novel was authored by Bankim Chandra chattopadhyaya ?

Anandmath

22. Why did B.R.Ambedkar clash with Gandhiji at the Second Round table Conference?

       i.            Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.

     ii.            He clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

  iii.            Whereas Gandhiji believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.

   iv.            When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death.

     v.            Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.

   vi.             It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

vii.            The dalit movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congressled national movement.

23. Why was the Dalit movement apprehensive of Congress led national movement?/Why did the Congress ignore the interests of Dalits for long?

       i.            ‘Untouchables’, who from around the 1930s had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed were apprehensive of Congress led national movement.

     ii.            For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus.

24. Why did Gandhiji chose salt to mark the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement?

       i.            Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

     ii.             On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.

  iii.            The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.

   iv.            The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.

     v.            Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.

25. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement in February 1922?

       i.            At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.

     ii.            Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

26. How was Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by Gandhiji?

         i.            Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.

       ii.            He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.

    iii.            But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.

     iv.            The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.

27. Mention one limitation of the Rowlatt Satyagraha ?

        i.            While the Rowlatt satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and towns.

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Q.1 Describe the peasant movement in Awadh during non cooperation movement.

(i) In Awadh, the peasant movement was led by Baba Ramchandra-a sanyasi who had earlier worked in Fiji as an indentured labourer.

(ii) The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents from the peasants.

(iii) Peasants had to do ‘begar’ and work at landlords' farms without any payment.

(iv)The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

(v) In many places Nai-Dhobhi bandhs were organised to deprive landlords of the services of even washer men and barbers.

(vi) Jawaharlal Nehru began talking to the villagers and formed 'Oudh Kisan Sabha'.

(vii) Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.

(viii) As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.

Q.2 Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
Answer: Anti-colonial movement gave a strong issue to the people with which they could identify and could come on a common platform.

Hence, the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.

Q.3 How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
Answer: 

       i.            The First World War created huge economic problems for the people in India.

     ii.             Moreover, forced conscription of the Indians in the British army also alienated the people from the colonial rulers.

  iii.            The situation was ripe for the nationalist leaders to motivate the people against the colonial rulers.

   iv.             Thus, the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.

Q4.Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Answer: 

       i.            The Rowlatt Act gave enormous  powers to the colonial rulers.

     ii.            It was against the spirit of political formations and protests.

  iii.            It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

   iv.            Due to this, Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.

Q5. Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: 

       i.            By 1922, the movement was turning violent at many places.

     ii.            At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with police.

  iii.            Since Gandhiji was strictly against any kind of violence, he decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Q6. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer: 

       i.            Mahatma Gandhi advocated a novel method of mass agitation; called satyagraha.

     ii.            This method was based on the idea that if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no need to take recourse to physical force to fight the oppressor.

  iii.            Gandhiji believed that a satyagrahi could win a battle through non-violence, i.e. without being aggressive or revengeful.

Q7. Write a newspaper report on Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.
Answer: Amritsar, 13th April 1919: The British General Dyer had ordered firing on innocent villagers who had gathered at Jallianwalla Bagh to attend a fair. All the exit points were blocked so that nobody could escape the wrath of the British forces.

Q8.Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer:

         i.            Muslim leaders; like Jinnah believed that the future of the Muslims would not be in safe hand under the Hindu majority.

       ii.             He wanted a greater political empowerment for his own community.

    iii.            For dalit leaders; like Ambedkar; the situation was more or less same.

     iv.            Given the past history of oppression against the dalits, the dalit leaders were apprehensive of their position under the political power of the upper caste people.

       v.            Mahatma Gandhi, on the other hand, believed that separate electorates would further alienate those people.

     vi.            He felt that separate electorate would slow down the process of integration of the fringe group into the mainstream.